Semester 1 final study guide
CH. 1
SECTION 1
1. city-state
monarchy
Sparta
Athens
democracy
tyrants
legislature
10.1.2 What process took city-states from monarchy to aristocracy and, in Athens , to democracy?
10.1 #2 How did the Greeks meet the threat of invasion by the Persians?
Pericles
10.1.1 What progress did the Greeks under Pericles make toward democratic government?
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
10.1.1 and 10.1.2 What did Socrates, Plato and Aristotle think of democracy?
10.1.1 How did the ideas of the ancient Greeks spread beyond Greece during the Hellenistic Age?
SECTION 2
republic
consuls
dictator
tribunes
veto
10.1.1 How did the Roman Republic differ from government under Etruscans?
Carthage
Julius Caesar
Augustus Caesar
10.1.1 How did the Roman republic become an empire?
Justinian
10.1.2 What lasting principles of law did Romans develop?
10.1.1 What cultures contributed to Greco-Roman civilization?
SECTION 3
Jerusalem
Abraham
Moses
10.1.1 What role did migration play in the history of the Israelites?
monotheistic
10.1.1 How did the Jews beliefs differ from those of other people?
Sabbath
Prophets
Ethics
10.1.1 What is the source of basic morals Jews should obey?
Diaspora
10.1.1 How did the scattering of the Jewish people begin?
SECTION 4
Jesus
Messiah
Apostles
10.1.1 What roles did love, justice, and service play in the teachings of Jesus
Paul
Tolerance
10.1.1 What factors contributed to the spread of Christianity
Clergy
10.1.1 How the Christian church exert control over the middle ages?
10.1.1 Where did the principles of the Judeo Christian tradition come from?
SECTION 5
Feudalism
William the Conqueror
Henry II
Common Law
Magna Carta
10.2.2 How did the English Parliament limit the power of the Monarch?
Absolute monarch
Oliver Cromwell
Glorious Revolution
English Bill of Rights
habeas corpus
Limited monarchy
61. 10.2.2 What principles did the English Bill of Rights establish?
Ch. 2 Sec. 1
Natural Law
10.2.1 What convinced Europeans to accept the power of reason?
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Social Contract
Natural Rights
10.2.1 How did Hobbes and Locke differ in their views on the roles of government?
Philosophers
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Diderot
Rousseau
10.2.1 What topics were addressed by the philosophers in their encyclopedia articles?
Laissez Faire
Adam Smith
Ch 2 Sec. 2
Censorship
Salons
10.2.1 What did those opposed to Enlightenment ideas do to stop the spreading of information?
Baroque
Rococo
10.2.1 How did the arts and literature change as Enlightenment ideas spread?
Enlightened despots
Frederick the Great
Catherine the Great
Joseph II
10.2.1 Why were the philosophes interested in sharing their beliefs with European rulers?
10.2.1 During this time, why did change occur slowly for most Europeans?
Ch 2 sec.3
George III
10.2.3 In what ways were the colonies already developing independence from Britain ?
Stamp Act
George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Popular sovereignty
10.2.2 What Enlightenment ideas are reflected in the Declaration of Independence?
Yorktown Virginia
Treaty of Paris
10.2.3 What advantages did the colonies have in battling Britain for their independence?
James Madison
Benjamin Franklin
Federal republic
10.2.3 Explain the influence of Enlightenment ideas on the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Ch. 3 SECTION 1
1. ancien regime
2. estates
3. bourgeoisie
4. What was the social structure of the old regime in France ?
5. deficit spending
6. Louis XVI
7. Jacques Necker
8. estates-general
9. What economic troubles did France face in 1789, and how did they lead to further unrest?
10. cahiers
11. tennis court oath
12. What actions did delegates of the third estate take when the estates-general met in 1789?
13. Bastille
14. What was the significance of the storming of the Bastille?
Ch. 3 SECTION 2
1. factions
2. Marquis de Lafayette
3. What caused French peasants to revolt against nobles
4. Olympe de Gouges
5. Marie Antoinette
6. How did the National Assembly react to peasant uprisings?
7. What were the provisions of the Constitution of 1791?
8. émigrés
9. sans-culottes
10. republic
11. Jacobins
12. How did the rest of Europe react to the French Revolution?
Ch. 3 SECTION 3
1. suffrage
2. What occurred after radicals took control of the Assembly?
3. Robespierre
4. Reign of Terror
5. guillotine
6. Why did Robespierre think the terror was necessary to achieve the goals of the revolution?
7. Napoleon
8. What changes occurred after the Reign of Terror came to an end?
9. nationalism
10. Marseilles
11. What changes occurred in France because of the French Revolution?
Ch. 3 SECTION 4
1. plebiscite
2. How did Napoleon rise to power so quickly in France ?
3. Napoleonic Code
4. What reforms did Napoleon introduce during his rise to power?
5. annexed
6. Continental System
7. How did Napoleon come to dominate most of Europe by 1812?
8. guerilla warfare
9. scorched-earth policy
10. What challenges threatened Napoleon's empire and what led to the disaster in Russia ?
11. abdicated
12. How did Napoleon impact Europe and the rest of the world?
13. Congress of Vienna
14. legitimacy
15. Concert of Europe
16. Explain the chief goal and outcome of the Congress of Vienna.
CHAPTER 4 Sec. 1
1. ideologies
2. What was the goal of conservatives in the Concert of Europe?
3. universal manhood suffrage
4. How did the liberalism of the early 1800s reflect enlightenment ideals?
5. autonomy
6. Why would a monarch order his army to suppress an uprising in another country?
Ch. 4 SECTION 2
1. radicals
2. Louis Philippe
3. What actions did Charles X take in 1830, and how did French rebels respond?
4. How did the Belgian and Polish revolutions in 1830 end differently?
5. recession
6. Napoleon III
7. How did the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848 differ?
8. Louis Kossuth
9. What was the outcome of most of the revolutions outside France in 1848?
Ch. 4 SECTION 3
1. peninsulares
2. creoles
3. mestizos
4. mulattoes
5. Simon Bolivar
6. Where did creoles get many of their revolutionary ideas?
7. Toussaint L'Ouverture
8. How were slaves instrumental in achieving Haiti 's independence?
9. Father Miguel Hidalgo
10. Father Jose Morelos
11. How did events in Spain affect the fight for Mexican independence?
12. Jose de San Martin
13. Don Pedro
14. How were the goals of the South American revolutions different from their results?
CHAPTER 5 SECTION 1
1. Anesthetic
2. Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in world history?
3. Enclosure
4. How did agricultural revolution contribute to population growth?
5. James Watt
6. What new technologies helped trigger the industrial Revolution
Ch. 5 SECTION 2
1. Capital
2. Enterprise
3. Entrepreneurs
4. What conditions in Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution
5. Putting-out System
6. Eli Whitney
7. What led to the advancement of the British textile industry?
8. Turnpikes
9. Liverpool
10. Manchester
11. Why was the development of railroads important to industrialization?
Ch. 5 SECTION 3
1. Urbanization
2. What led to the massive migration of people from farms to cities?
3. Tenements
4. Labor Unions
5. How did members of the working class react to their new experiences in industrial cities?
6. How did the Industrial Revolution affect the lives of men, women, and children?
7. Why was the Industrial Revolution seen as both as a blessing and a curse?
Ch. 5 SECTION 4
1. Thomas Malthus
2. Explain the response to Laissez-Faire economics during the nineteenth century.
3. Jeremy Bentham
4. utilitarianism
5. What did John Stewart Mill see as the proper role of government?
6. socialism
7. means of production
8. Robert Owen
9. What did early socialists believe?
10. Karl Marx
11. Communism
12. Proletariat
13. What did Marx predict was the future of the proletariat?
14. Social Democracy
15. How accurate did Marx's predictions about social classes prove to be?
CHAPTER 6 SECTION 1
1. What factors led to the industrialization of other nations after Britain ?
2. Henry Bessemer
3. Alfred Nobel
4. Michael Faraday
5. Dynamo
6. Thomas Edison
7. Interchangeable parts
8. Assembly Line
9. What was the dynamo's impact on the industrial revolution?
10. Orville and Wilbur Wright
11. Guglielmo Marconi
12. How did technological advances in transportation and communications affect the industrial revolution?
13. Stock
14. Corporations
15. Why were big business leaders “captains of industry” to some but “ robber barons” to others?
Ch. 6 SECTION 2
1. Germ Theory
2. Louis Pasteur
3. Robert Koch
4. Florence Nightingale
5. Joseph Lister
6. Which factors caused population rates to soar between 1800 and 1900?
7. Urban Renewal
8. How did industrialization change the face of cities?
9. Mutual-Aid Societies
10. Standard of Living
11. How did workers try to improve their living and working conditions?
Ch. 6 SECTION 3
1. Cult of Domesticity
2. How had the social order changed by the late 1800s?
3. Temperance Movement
4. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
5. Women's Suffrage
6. Sojourner Truth
7. What were the arguments against women's suffrage?
8. Why did more children attend school in the late 1800s than before?
9. John Dalton
10. Charles Darwin
11. Racism
12. How did science begin to challenge existing beliefs in the late 1800s?
13. Social Gospel
14. How did religious groups respond to the challenges of industrialization?
Ch. 6 SECTION 4
1. William Wordsworth
2. William Blake
3. Romanticism
4. Lord Byron
5. Victor Hugo
6. Ludwig Van Beethoven
7. How did romantic writers, musicians, and artists respond to the enlightenment?
8. Realism
9. Charles Dickens
10. Gustave Courbet
11. How did the realism movement differ from the Romantic Movement?
12. Louis Daguerre
13. Impressionism
14. Claude Monet
15. Vincent Van Gogh
16. How did photography influence the development of painting?
Ch. 7 SECTION 1
1. What was the German Confederation?
2. Otto von Bismarck
3. Chancellor
4. Realpolitik
5. Annexed
6. What techniques did Bismarck use to unify the German states?
7. Kaiser
8. Reich
9. How was the German government, drafted by Bismarck , structured?
Ch. 7 SECTION 2
1. What factors did Germany posses that made industrialization possible there?
2. Kulturkampf
3. Why did Bismarck try to crush the Catholic Church and the socialists?
4. William II
5. Social Welfare
6. Why did William ask Bismarck to resign in 1890?
Ch. 7 SECTION 3
1. Camillo Cavour
2. What forces hindered Italian Unity?
3. Giuseppe Garibaldi
4. What steps did Camillo Cavour take to promote Italian Unity>
5. Anarchists
6. Emigration
7. What problems did Italians experience after unification?
Ch. 7 SECTION 4
1. Francis Joseph
2. What actions did Francis Joseph take to maintain power?
3. Ferenc Deak
4. Dual Monarchy
5. How did Hungarians and Slavic groups respond to the Dual Monarchy?
6. How did the European powers divide up Ottoman lands?
Ch. 7 SECTION 5
1. Colossus
2. Describe the social structure that existed in Russia during the 1800s.
3. Alexander II
4. Crimean War
5. Emancipation
6. Zemstvos
7. Pogroms
8. Refugees
9. How did Alexander II respond to to the murder of his father?
10. How did Russia industrialize?
11. Duma
12. Peter Stolypin
13. Why was Bloody Sunday a turning point for the Russians?
Ch. 8 SECTION 1
1. Rotten Boroughs
2. Electorate
3. Secret Ballot
4. How was the British Parliament reformed during the early 1800s?
5. Queen Victoria
6. What values did Queen Victoria represent and how did these values relate to economic reform?
7. Benjamin Disraeli
8. William Gladstone
9. Parliamentary Democracy
10. How was Parliament reformed during the late 1800s and early 1900s?
Ch. 8 SECTION 2
1. Free Trade
2. Repeal
3. Abolition Movement
4. Capitol Offenses
5. Penal Colonies
6. How did abolition and criminal justice reform reflect Victorian values?
7. Describe several social welfare reforms during the 1800s and 1900s.
8. Why do you think women disagreed about how best to gain suffrage?
9. Absentee Landlords
10. Home Rule
11. How did English policies toward Ireland affect the cause of Irish Nationalism?
Ch. 8 SECTION 3
1. Napoleon III
2. Suez Canal
3. What were some of the successes and failures of Napoleon III's Second Empire ?
4. Provisional
5. Premier
6. Coalitions
7. What challenges did the Third Republic face during its 70 years in power?
8. Dreyfus affair
9. libel
10. Zionism
11. In what ways was the Zionist movement a reaction to the Dreyfus case?
12. Describe two social reforms during the late 1800s and early 1900s in France ?
Ch. 8 SECTION 4
1. Expansionism
2. Louisiana Purchase
3. Manifest Destiny
4. Describe the United States ' physical expansion during the 1800s.
5. How did the abolition and women's rights movements highlight the limits of American Democracy?
6. Seceded
7. Segregation
8. What changes did the Civil War bring about for African Americans?
9. Describe the factors that helped the United States become an industrial and agricultural leader.
CHAPTER 9 SECTION 1
1. Imperialism
2. What factors contributed to European imperialism in the 1800s?
3. How did Western imperialism spread through Africa and Asia so quickly?
4. Protectorate
5. Sphere of Influence
6. Compare and contrast how Britain and France ruled their colonies.
Ch. 9 SECTION 2
1. Usman dan Fodio
2. What factors shaped each of the main regions of Africa during the early 1800s?
3. Paternalistic
4. Dr. David Livingston
5. Henry Stanley
6. How did European contact with Africa increase in the late 1800s
7. King Leopold II
8. Boer War
9. How did king Leopold II set off a scramble for colonies in Africa ?
10. Samori Toure
11. Yaa Asantewaa
12. Nehanda
13. Menelik II
14. Elite
15. How did Ethiopians resist imperialism?
Ch. 9 SECTION 3
1. Muhammad Ahmad
2. Mahdi
3. How was Western imperialism a source of stress in Muslim regions of the world?
4. Pashas
5. Sultans
6. Genocide
7. How were efforts to Westernize problematic for the Ottoman Empire ?
8. Muhammad Ali
9. How did Egypt fall under British control?
10. Concessions
11. How did Persia attract foreign interest in the early 1900s?
Ch. 9 SECTION 4
1. Sepoys
2. What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion in northern and central India ?
3. Viceroy
4. Deforestation
5. How did British colonial rule affect Indian agriculture?
6. Ram Mohun Roy
7. Purdah
8. How did Indians and British view each other's culture in the 1800s?
9. How are the origins of Indian nationalism linked to British rule?
Ch. 9 SECTION 5
1. Balance of trade
2. Trade surplus
3. Trade deficit
4. Opium War
5. Indemnity
6. Extraterritorially
7. How did British trade with China trigger the Opium Wars?
8. Taiping Rebellion
9. How did the Taiping Rebellion and other internal problems weaken the Qing dynasty?
10. Sino Japanese War
11. Open Door Policy
12. Guang Xu
13. How did reformers try to solve China 's internal problems?
14. Boxer Uprising
15. Sun Yixian
16. What caused the Qing dynasty to fall?
CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1
1. By the mid-1800s, why did so many groups of people in Japan feel discontented?
2. Matthew Perry
3. Tokyo
4. Meiji Restoration
5. How did Japan react when it was forced to accept unequal treaties?
6. Diet
7. Zaibatsu
8. Homogeneous society
9. What changes did the reforms of the Meiji Restoration bring about in Japan ?
10. First Sino-Japanese War
11. Russo-Japanese War
12. How did industrialization help start Japan on an imperialistic course?
Ch. 10 SECTION 2
1. French Indochina
2. Mongkut
3. How did the Burmese and the Vietnamese respond to attempts to colonize them?
4. Spanish-American War
5. How did the United States gain control of the Philippines ?
6. Liliuokalani
7. Why did some Americans think the United States should control Hawaii ?
Ch. 10 SECTION 3
1. Confederation
2. Dominion
3. Métis
4. How did the British respond to the Canadian's desire for self-rule?
5. Indigenous
6. Penal colony
7. What effect did colonization have on Australia 's indigenous population?
8. Maori
9. Compare and contrast the European settlement of Australia and New Zealand .
Ch. 10 SECTION 4
1. Regionalism
2. Caudillos
3. What factors undermined democracy in post-independence Latin America
4. Benito Juarez
5. La Reforma
6. Peonage
7. What struggles did Mexico go through as it tried to find stability in the 1800s?
8. How did foreign influence and investment affect Latin America ?
9. Monroe Doctrine
10. Panama Canal
11. How did the United States act as an imperialist power in Latin America ?
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